Oral microbiome and systemic antineoplastics in cancer treatment: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis is one of the most common side effects in cancer patients receiving systemic antineoplastics. However, the underlying biological mechanisms leading to this condition are still unclear. For this reason, it has been hypothesised that systemic antineoplastics may cause an imbalance on the oral microbiota that subsequently triggers oral mucosa damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA protocol and the PICO question established was: patients diagnosed with cancer, who are candidates for receiving systemic antineoplastics (P=Patients), that undergo oral microbiome determinations (I=Intervention), before and after systemic antineoplastics administration (C=Comparison), to analyse changes in the oral microbiome composition (O=Outcome). The bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed and other scientific repositories. RESULTS: Out of 166 obtained articles, only 5 met eligibility criteria. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was the most frequent type of cancer (40 %) among the participants. Only one of the studies included a control group of healthy subjects. Heterogeneity in the protocols and approaches of the included studies hindered a detailed comparison of the outcomes. However, it was stated that a decrease in bacteria α diversity is often associated with oral mucositis. On the other hand, fungal diversity was not associated with oral mucositis although α diversity was lower at baseline on patients developing oral candidiasis. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient scientific evidence of oral microbiological changes in patients undergoing systemic antineoplastics. Further investigations ought to be carried out to identify microorganisms that might play a key role in the pathogenesis of oral mucosa damage in patients undergoing systemic antineoplastics.

[Seroprevalence of antibodies against measles virus in Galicia: trends during the last ten years depending on age and sex]. / Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos frente al virus del sarampión en Galicia: tendencias durante los últimos diez años en función de la edad y sexo.

OBJECTIVE: In 1998, the Europe Region of the World Health Organization set the goal of eliminating measles. In this study, the prevalence of immunity against measles virus in the population of the health area of Santiago de Compostela was analyzed based on data obtained between 2008-2018. METHODS: A total of 7,150 different patients were studied and divided into groups according to their year of birth: 2010-2017, 2000-2009, 1990-1999, 1980-1989, 1953-1979 and <1953. The serum determination of IgG against measles virus was performed using a commercialized chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS: A minimum (76%) was observed for measles virus protection rates in those born between 1990-1999. By age group it was seen that in all groups the women presented a higher percentage of antibodies against measles. In a logistic regression model with year of birth and sex, an odds ratio of 1.06 (p<0.001) was obtained for the year of birth and of 0.82 (p=0.0013) for sex. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed lower seroprevalences from the implantation of the vaccine and a more pronounced change during the implantation period. From the vaccination plan for measles of the year 2000 in Galicia, the rates of protection against the virus of the measles have been increasing in our area. Although there is a greater proportion of women protected against men, these differences are small.

Inusual endocarditis infecciosa sobre válvula protésica por Pseudomonas monteilii y Acinetobacter nosocomialis con fatal desenlace / Unusual infective prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Pseudomonas monteilii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis with a fatal result

Presentamos el caso de una endocarditis por Pseudomonas monteilii y Acinetobacter nosocomialis con un fatal desenlace. El paciente tenía una historia reciente de reemplazo valvular aórtico. La ecografía transesofágica y la tomografía computarizada confirmaron la presencia de vegetación en la válvula protésica y un seudoaneurisma aórtico con un absceso en la raíz aórtica. El cultivo de la válvula demostró P.monteilii y A.nosocomialis. El paciente fue tratado con cirugía y antibióticos, pero sufrió un deterioro y murió 44días tras la cirugía. En nuestro conocimiento este es el primer caso de endocarditis producida por P.monteilii y A.nosocomialis publicado en la literatura. Estas bacterias han sido descritas como contaminantes ambientales; sin embargo, deben ser consideradas como potenciales patógenos, en especial en pacientes con válvulas protésicas

We report a case of Pseudomonas monteilii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis endocarditis with a fatal outcome in a patient with a recent history of prosthetic aortic valve replacement. Transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography confirmed the presence of vegetation on the prosthetic valve and aortic pseudoaneurism with an aortic root abscess. Valve cultures yielded P.monteilii and A.nosocomialis. The patient underwent surgery and received antibiotics, but his condition deteriorated and he died 44days after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first case of P.monteilii and A.nosocomialis endocarditis reported in the literature. These organisms have been described as environmental contaminants; however, they must be considered potential pathogens, particularly in patients with prosthetic valves

Unusual infective prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Pseudomonas monteilii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis with a fatal result. / Inusual endocarditis infecciosa sobre válvula protésica por Pseudomonas monteilii y Acinetobacter nosocomialis con fatal desenlace.

We report a case of Pseudomonas monteilii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis endocarditis with a fatal outcome in a patient with a recent history of prosthetic aortic valve replacement. Transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography confirmed the presence of vegetation on the prosthetic valve and aortic pseudoaneurism with an aortic root abscess. Valve cultures yielded P.monteilii and A.nosocomialis. The patient underwent surgery and received antibiotics, but his condition deteriorated and he died 44days after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first case of P.monteilii and A.nosocomialis endocarditis reported in the literature. These organisms have been described as environmental contaminants; however, they must be considered potential pathogens, particularly in patients with prosthetic valves.

[Infection by the Epstein-Barr virus between the years 2006-2015 in the health area of Santiago de Compostela. Relationship with age and sex]. / Primoinfección por el virus Epstein-Barr entre los años 2006 a 2015 en el área sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela. Relación con edad y sexo.

OBJECTIVE: In Spain, the age and sex to which the primary infection by EBV is produced is poorly studied. The objective of this work is to know its relation with the presence of the primary infection by EBV between the years 2006 and 2015 in our health area. METHODS: From the Santiago de Compostela health area between 2006 and 2015, 578 patients with serological patterns of EBV primoinfection were selected. This patients presented serological results of IgM-VCA positive, IgG-VCA positive and EBNA negative. RESULTS: We found 260/578 (45%) adolescents (11- 19 years). In the number of cases by age the maximum was observed, at 2 and 16 years. Between 14-19 years, 62% (79/127) of women between 14-16 years of age, median age 15.8 years (IQ: 14.8-16.4) compared to 48% (49/102) of men, median age 16 years (IQ: 15.7-16.6) (p = 0.032, p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: As in our study, in the developed countries the majority of primary infections by EBV occur in adolescence and a bimodal distribution is observed in relation to age. During adolescence women acquire before men the first infection by EBV.

[Pneumococcal arthritis in paediatric population]. / Artritis neumocócica en población pediátrica.

OBJECTIVE: Cases of septic arthritis in paediatric population by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Health Area of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were reviewed. METHODS: A retrospective study from January 2005 to March 2014 was conducted for all S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from joint fluids in children. RESULTS: From the 7,416 joint fluids received in the Microbiology Department, 77 belonged to paediatric patients, and of these, only 8 had positive culture. In total, there were three positive cases for S. pneumoniae, two with positive culture and a third with positive antigen detection. In the three patients (two of them under 15 months) the affected joint was hip, antibiotic treatment was combined with surgical drainage and evolution was favourable. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that pneumococcal arthritis is an entity that must be taken into account since most cases of arthritis in paediatric population appear as a complication of bacteraemia after a common cold or an ear infection. The greatest risk of sequel is associated with delays in diagnosis, so it is essential clinical and microbiological early diagnosis.

The genotypic study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex resistant to isoniazid: Galicia, Spain (2008-2013).

Incorporation of rapid detection systems to identify mutations in M. tuberculosis complex that confer resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin has potentiated the knowledge of their distribution, given the geographical variability. We performed antibiograms of the 2,993 strains isolated in Galicia, Spain (2008-2013). In the strains resistant to isoniazid, a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and MTBDRplus Genotype test (Hain Lifescience, Germany) were used. We found that 3.64 % of strains were resistant to isoniazid, while 0.43 % were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug resistant, MDR). The MTBDRplus test showed an overall sensitivity of 72.48 %, with 62.5 % sensitivity for non MDR isoniazid-resistant strains and 100 % sensitivity for MDR strains. The katG gene mutation was detected at codon 315 in 38.53 % of strains. The S315T mutation appeared in 61.54 % of MDR strains and 34.38 % of non-MDR strains. The 28.44 % had mutations in inhA, (93.55 % in C15T), and 38.46 % of MDR strains were mutated. In non-MDR strains, 37.50 % were wild-type, 35.42 % and 27.08 % had mutations in katG and inhA, respectively. The most frequent mutation in rpoß was S531L (46.15 %). The 38.71 % and 41.9 % of strains with resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin had mutations in katG and inhA, respectively (2 strains with mutations in T8C and T8A). The distribution pattern of resistance among strains with high and low concentrations of isoniazid showed statistically significant differences in relation to the mutation in katG and wild-type. The sensitivity of the Genotype MTBDRplus test for non-MDR strains in our area was at the lower threshold described.